Review Questions for Exam #4

Postings to this site:

• April 9, 2001
• April 15, 2001
• April 21, 2001
• April 26, 2001 at 7:25 p.m. (that's all folks)

Note: There will be a map quiz on Exam #4. Places to be able to locate on the small-scale, world base map are listed at the end of the questions. There will be 17 questions from Exam 1, 17 from Exam 2, 17 from Exam 3, and 49 from the new material.

Note: There will be a 5 point bonus question on the exam.

Chapter 12: South Asia:

1.    South Asia can be divided into four subregions. In the north, one finds _____ (mountains), which includes the countries of ____ and ____. Stretching from Pakistan to the delta lands of Bangladesh, one finds the lowlands of _____ (rivers). Moving southward, one finds volcanic lands dominated by the Deccan Plateau and including highlands known as the Western Ghats. An island rim, including ____ (which used to be known as Ceylon) and _____ makes up the southern rim of South Asia. (pages 496-499)

2.    The ____ is the seasonal pattern of changes in winds, heat, and moisture in South Asia (and other
regions of the world) that is a product of larger meteorological forces of land and water heating, the resultant
pressure gradients, and jet stream dynamics. It produces distinct wet and dry seasons. As the moist clouds
come in from the west, they are uplifted and cooled by the highlands. As much as 200 inches of rain may fall in these areas during the four-month wet season. This enhanced precipitation over uplands is known as ____. (pages 499, 500)

3.    In what country of South Asia does one find tropical rainforest (Af)? ____ (page 501)

4.    You may remember, in 1998, when 22 million of the people of Bangladesh were made homeless because of a natural hazard. A combination of ____ and ____ have set up a situation where people in this part of the world are often killed, injured, or made homeless. (pages 501, 502)

5.    If you wanted to see the world's only remaining Asiatic lions in the wild, you would need to travel to the
state of ____ in India. (page 502)

6.    The map of environmental issues on page 503 highlights three inter-related issues. Grain production has increased as a result of the high yield/high response seeds of the ____; however, increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides has had a huge toll on the environment. An explosion at the Union Carbide plant that manufactured these inputs, in the city of ____, killed and injured 1000s and has gone down in history as the world's most serious industrial accident. Lastly, the Sardar Sarovar and other dams on the ____ River are causing widespread ecological disruption as well as the displacement of many tribal families. (page 503)

7.    Since the 1960s, India has been concerned about its population growth. In fact, the total fertility rate in
India has dropped significantly since the 1950s, with ____ being the predominant method of family planning.
Of the countries in South Asia, the country with the lowest total fertility rate (the number of babies born to the
average woman during her childbearing years) is _____.  (pages 504, 505)

8.    Many rural people in South Asia are moving from the countryside to the urban areas. Many of the push
factors are associated with changes in agriculture. One of these agricultural changes is: ____ (page 506)

9.    The United States' breadbasket is the Great Plains. Where is India's breadbasket? ____ Since the
majority of Indians are Hindus and since most Hindus are vegetarians, it may seem surprising that India has
the world's largest ____. (page 507)

10.    Future food supplies may actually decrease in South Asia, partly because of irrigation. One issue is that water tables (and thus the availability of water) is dropping in some of the agricultural areas. Another issue is ____ of the soil, a result of lands becoming salty as a result of long-term irrigation. (page 508)

11.    Although only 25% of South Asians live in areas designated as cities, still there are some huge cities in
this part of the world. The largest city in South Asia is the city of ____(give its British colonial name). It will
soon be one of the world's largest. The name has now been changed to ____ to reflect a Hindu heritage. The
capital of India is ____, which includes an old part and a new part built by the British as their colonial capital.
Today, one finds 40,000 cows in this capital city, many of which are left to scavenge for food and often "die a
bad death". (pages 509, 510)

12.    If you have an article of clothing with the label "Made in Bangladesh", it may well have been made in the
capital city of ____. Over the past 30 years, this city has grown from one million to eight million inhabitants.
(page 510)

13.    Karachi is Pakistan's largest city, its major commercial center, and the site of serious political and ethnic tensions that have often turned deadly. It is, however, not the capital of Pakistan. The capital, in the country's northeast, is ____; its name reflects the dominant religion of the country. In part, the capital was built close to the disputed region of Kashmir to make a statement about its intentions. In geography, this type of capital is referred to as a/an ____ capital. (pages 510, 511)

14.    The roots of South Asian culture probably date back 5000 years to the ____ civilization, in what is now
Pakistan. (pages 512, 513)

15.    The Buddha challenged the Hindu's ____ system. He believed that the path to enlightenment or nirvana
was open to all, not just to those of high birth. Buddhism never replaced Hinduism in India and, in fact, by 1000 AD, it had virtually disappeared from South Asia; however, there are exceptions. In South Asia, Buddhism is widely practiced in ____ and ____. (page 512)

16.    Beginning around 700 AD, South Asia had its first taste of Islam, with the most powerful Islamic empire
(the Mughal Empire) dominating a large area in the 16th and 17th centuries. Up until the 20th century,
adherents to Hindu and Muslim usually coexisted on fairly good terms, yet today people often think of these
two faiths as being completely different. For example, Islamic people believe ____ while those of the Hindu
faith believe ____. (page 514)

17.    If you had been born an "unseeable" in southern India in 1950 (for example), what would you have had to do if you wanted to walk down a busy street to get to a market? ____ (page 514)

18.    The majority of India's population is Hindu and most of these Hindu fit into which varna category (the
ancient fourfold social hierarchy of the Hindu world)? ____. While the caste system has been undermined in
today's India, it still structures the lives of most Indian citizens, especially in matters of marriage. (page 515)

19.    ____, a religion that originated in the 1400s, combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. After
persecution, adherents of this faith became militant. Today, while scattered across India, 60% of the residents of the Indian state of ____ are of this faith. (page 516)

20.    If one looks at a language map of India, one sees that Indo-European languages are spoken in central
and northern India while ____ languages (such as Tamil) are spoken in southern India. While the major
languages of India are associated with particular Indian states, the most widely spoken language of South
Asia is ____. With roots in the colonial past, ____ is the main integrating language of India and is also widely used in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.(pages 517-520)

21.    By the 1840s, the country of ____ had essentially completed its colonial take-over of South Asia. The
colonial power was little deterred by a rebellion in 1856. In 1911, they began building their new colonial
capital; this is the city of ____. In ____ (name the year), South Asia was partitioned into the predominantly
Hindu country of ____ and the predominantly Muslim country of _____ (West and East). (pages 521-525)

22.    Today, South Asia has a number of ethnic conflicts. In the northwestern part of the region, between
Pakistan and India is  ____, an area where Muslim (majority) and Hindu fighting continues over the future of
the area. In India, many Sikhs want the ____ (name the Indian state) to become the independent country of
Khalistan. In ____, the conflict is between the Tamil Tigers and the Sinhalese. (pages 525-527)

23.    The international geopolitical issue in South Asia that overshadows all others is the tension between
Pakistan and ____, and between ____ and China. (pages 427-528)

24.    Two-thirds of the children in the country of ____ are underweight and therefore malnourished. This is the highest rate in the world. (page 528)

25.    The "Hollywood" of India is the city of ____. The city of ____ is India's "Silicon Plateau" (the hub of the computer hardware and software industry). (page 532)

26.    In terms of social welfare, the country of Sri Lanka stands out. In India, the state of ____, while its people are not prosperous, is doing quite well in terms of longevity, literacy, and low fertility. (pages 534-535)

27.    In India, particularly in the Indus-Ganges basin, women still suffer discrimination.  Girls are seen as
liabilities because when they marry, the family must provide ____ (money, property, or material goods) to the
new husband and his family. (pages 535, 536)

Chapter 13: Southeast Asia:

28.    Prior to World War II, the region of Southeast Asia was often referred to as ____. This reflects the strong historical influences of its large neighbors. (page 542)

29.    By studying the map on page 545, you can see that a ____ climate predominates on the islands of
Southeast Asia. On the mainland, "Am" is a common climate type; what does this mean? ____ (pages
544-546)

30.    In terms of biodiversity, a very interesting phenomenon occurs in Southeast Asia. To the west of a line
called ____, one finds tigers and elephants. To the east, one finds wallabies and kangaroos. (pages 547-548)

31.    On the island of Borneo, the major environmental problem is ____. (map on page 548)

32.    In much of Southeast Asia, population has historically been fairly low because of poor soils. There are, of course, exceptions such as the island of Java. Java supports a very large population on rich soils. Why are
these soils so good? ____ (pages 551-552)

33.    In the mountains of northern Southeast Asia is the _____, a major opium growing area. About 100 tons
of opium leave this area each year for markets in Europe, Australia, and the US. (page 552)

34.    The Southeast Asian country where the women tend to have the most babies is ____; however, the
country with the largest population is ____. (page 554)

35.    Many Southeast Asian countries have a single, large urban settlement that dominates all the other urban areas. These dominate urban areas are called primate cities (Paris, France is an example of one outside Southeast Asia). The primate city of the Philippines is its capital, ____. (page 556)

36.    By 1650, the Islamic faith was quite strong in the country of ____, the country that is today the world's
most populous Muslim country. In this country, the people on one island never converted to Islam. They are still Hindu and inhabit the island of ____. Throughout Southeast Asia, some people continue to worship nature's spirits and their ancestors; the general name for these religious practices is ____ (pages 559, 560)

37.    As was most of the non-western world, Southeast Asia was held, in some places for hundreds of years,
as colonies by western powers. The U.S. was one of these colonial powers, exerting colonial authority over
____ from 1898 until after World War II. (pages 564-566)

38.    An important reason that the US got involved in Vietnam was our foreign policy notion that if Vietnam fell to the communists, Laos, Cambodia, and who knows what other countries would soon fall to the communists too. This foreign policy notion was known as the ____. (page 566)

39.    While conflicts have ravaged much of Southeast Asia, perhaps the most war-ravaged country in this
region is ____. The most serious challenge to the government has come from the ____, a tribal people living
near the country's border. (pages 569, 570)

40.    The countries of Southeast Asia have formed an alliance known as ____ (give the acronym). The nations entered this alliance in part because of their concern over China's power, their desire to keep the US (or any country) from exerting too much influence in their realm, and to facilitate trade. (pages 571-572)

41.    From 1968 to 1986, the Philippines was ruled by ____, a corrupt leader who abused his power by
allowing government funds to be siphoned off by friends, family, and himself. A state where corruption is so
institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off the country's wealth is called a/an ____. It is sad to say that the Philippines is still having problems with its leaders; recently, the president was run out of office because of corruption. (page 573)

42.    If you've ever read George Orwell's 1984, you may think of "Big Brother" when you think of the tiny
country of ____. While it is an economic powerhouse, the government is authoritarian. You can't express
negative opinions about the government or even chew gum in public here; but you can make all the money you want. (page 574 + look at the picture on page 575)

43.    The financial crisis of the late 1990s hurt the country of ____ more than any other in Southeast Asia.
Many of its citizens became so poor that they couldn't even afford rice. Today, the country continues to
relentlessly exploit  its tropical forests, basically as a cash crop. (page 576)

44.    The country of ____ is experiencing perhaps one of the worst AIDS epidemics in the world. A large sex
trade and sharing needles used to inject heroin are certainly problems in and of themselves, but they are also contributing to the spread of AIDS. (page 576)

45.    In terms of social indicators, most of the countries of Southeast Asia are doing fairly well. An exception is the country of ____, where life expectancy is in the low 50's and 181 of every 1000 children die before
reaching the age of 5 years. (pages 578-580)

Lectures and Videos:

46.    After Exam #3, we watched "Saheri's Choice." This video took place in the country of ___; the religion of the people in the video is ____. Saheri doesn't really have much of a choice. Explain why not: ____

47.    In India, daughters are generally considered a liability while sons are prized. Although outlawed in 1961, the ____, wherein the girl's family gives money, land, or other wealth to the groom and his family makes having a girl a financial burden. Sometimes the gifts are deemed insufficient after the fact and wives are murdered or disfigured. In the past, because of the low value placed on women, women would often give up their own lives when their husbands died. This practice, now outlawed, is called ____.

48.    In the southwest Indian state of ____, there are actually more females than males (as one would expect). The birthrate is the lowest in India, literacy is approaching 100%, and it is known as a place of religion and cultural tolerance. Some women have also found a voice in governance and in the ____ movement, which involves women hugging the trees to prevent loggers from cutting down the forests upon which they depend. Because of the women's actions, new logging laws have been instituted in places.

49.    The majority of the people of India practice a diverse faith called ____. Traced back at least to 2000 BC, it is the world's oldest major religion. While practitioners of this faith have many gods, one of the three major gods is ____. The faithful find spiritual direction in the Vedas and the Upanishads. They believe in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth called ____. Believers are committed to ____ or doing their duty in the station into which they were born; in this way, their souls will eventually be emancipated. One's deeds and conduct, or ____, figure into the next life situation. Nature is deeply tied to this religion; for example, the ____ River is the most sacred river. It is believed that this river is the hair of one of the major gods.

50.    Prior to 1500 BC, India was inhabited by a dark-skinned people called the ____. About 1500 BC, the light-skinned ____ invaded from the northwest, pushing the dark-skinned people southward. It was probably these light-skinned invaders who first established the _____ system, which established a social hierarchy (originally based upon skin color). Beneath this tiered system were the untouchables and the unseeables.

51.    Internationally, the most well-known Hindu is ____. Explain the rationale behind his idea of non-violent, civil disobedience. He hoped to see the emergence of a non-partitioned India. With his assassination in January of 1948, all hopes for such a state died.

52.    By the 1800s, most of South Asia had been colonized by ____. When the colonial period ended, a partition occurred based upon what? ____ The resulting countries were the Hindu ____ and the Muslim ____ (of which there were two parts, West and East). In 1971, the eastern part of the Muslim country broke away and became the independent country of ____.

53.    Unrest continues in many parts of South Asia today. For example, in the state of ____ (in India - and there's a state in Pakistan with the same name), many Sikhs want independence. They would name their country Khalistan. In the island country of ____ (formerly known as Ceylon), a group of Hindu ____ are fighting the majority, Buddhist ____ for independence.

54.    A video entitled "Paradise is Under Your Mother's Heel" took place in the South Asian country of ____. The major religion in this country is ____. List one way in which the girls in this society are treated similarly to those in India's Hindu society: ____ List one way in which the girls are treated differently in the two societies: ____

55.    The little island of Timor was a/an ____ colony. At the turn of the century, West Timor was relinquished
but the colonial power held on to East Timor. In terms of religion, the people of East Timor are mostly ____. In 1975, the colonizer pulled out and East Timor thought it would become an independent country. Instead,
Indonesia invaded. The invasion occurred in large part because of the perception that, if allowed to become independent, East Timor would be a communist country; Indonesia, the United States, and others believed this because of the popularity of a left-leaning political party called ____. As graphically illustrated in the video "Death of a Nation" Indonesia tried to destroy this nation. Other than the outright killing, what were two ways in which Indonesia worked to destroy the nation of East Timor? ____ and ____ August 1999 was an important moment in East Timorese history; what happened? ____  (note that this question was added to #55, 4-26-01)

56.    As many as 17,000 islands make up the archipelago country of ____; it is the world's fourth most populous. After gaining its independence from the Netherlands, the first president was Sukarno. General ____ rose to power in a coup in 1965; a kleptocracy best describes his rule. Today, while this general is no longer at the helm of the country, it is still volatile. For example, separatists in Aceh are ready for war and East Timor is trying to prepare for independence. Where is another hotspot in the country today? ____

57.    The country of ____, also sometimes called Kampuchea, was brutalized by Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge in the mid-1970s. The Vietnamese finally invaded and restored some semblance of order.

58.    In 1954, the southeast Asian country of ____ split into two countries, a communist north and a democratic south. Who was Ho Chi Minh? ____ What rationale did the US use for getting involved in Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s? ____ Agent Orange is still causing birth defects in Vietnam; for what purpose was it used during the Vietnam War? ____

59.    Sixty thousand to perhaps 150,000 years ago, humans migrated via the Papua New Guinea land bridge to Australia. These indigenous people are today known collectively as the ____. Their creation myth is called the ____. Explain why their religion/way of living is considered "animist". ____

60.    In Polynesia, one finds Rapa Nui or to westerners, ____ Island. This lush island was inhabited about 400 AD. The people built gigantic stone statues and flourished, at least they flourished until the trees were gone and the soil eroded. The population collapsed, going from a high of perhaps 20,000 to 2,000.

61.    Briefly, how are atolls formed? ____

62.    In Micronesia lies the independent island country of ____; it was here that the US tested its nuclear weapons from 1946 until 1958. Our government still uses these islands for various military tests. Next door lie the Northern Mariana Islands. The largest of these islands is _____; it is here that "Made in the USA" has meant involuntary servitude. A series of class action suits are aimed at eliminating the despicable working conditions.

Places to be able to locate on map: Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), India, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Vietnam

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Key to Exam #3:  Please let me know if I counted off for anything that was, in fact, correct.

If your test began, "The Maghreb...": (1) Atlas    (2) domestication    (3) Fertile Crescent    (4) Koran or Quran
(5) hajj    (6) Hebrew    (7) Suez Canal    (8) Western Sahara    (9) Europe (or EU)    (10) Gobi
(11)(12) Chinese, Russians    (13) heavily impacted by human activity    (14) build homes underground in the Loess soil    (15)Forbidden City    (16) Hong Kong    (17) Kyoto    (18) Shinto    (19) Ainu    (20) the Koreas (or North and South Korea)    (21) Okinawa    (22) free market, w/o government interference    (23) Islam    (24) Mohammed    (25) Mecca    (26) Zionism    (27) Arafat    (28) Sharon    (29) Macao    (30) USSR    (31) Aral    (32) cotton    (33) Pinyin    (34) Mandarin    (35) Mandarin    (36) Mao    (37) Taiwan    (38) cooperative, collective thinking, thinking of others before taking action    (39)(40) religion and communism    (41) Belgian    (42) Tutsi    (43) Hutu    (44) genocide    (45) colonialism    (46) imperialism    (47) Zapatistas    (48) Chiapas    (49) Vicente Fox    (50) Nelson Mandela

If your test began, "The desert...": (1) Sahara    (2) exotic    (3) kibbutz    (4) Iran    (5) Ottoman    (6) Kurdistan or Kurds    (7) Cyprus    (8)(9) Turkey and Israel    (10) Tibetan    (11) Indo-European    (12) Afghanistan
(13) Tibetan plateau    (14) Shanghai    (15) Tokyo    (16) much of the urban population in concentrated in one city    (17) Seoul    (18) ideographic    (19) building according to spirits in the landscape    (20) opium
(21) Macao    (22) Cultural Revolution    (23) Sunni    (24) Shi'ite (or Shia)    (25) Five Pillars    (26) Afghanistan
(27) Taliban    (28) destroying Buddhist statues    (29) Iraq    (30) Iran    (31) Kuwait    (32) Dalai Lama
(33) Panchen Lama    (34) China    (35) politically communist and economically capitalist    (36) Han Chinese
(37) Confucius    (38) cooperation, collective thinking, think of others before taking action    (39)(40) religion and communism    (41) Belgian    (42) Tutsi    (43) Hutu    (44) genocide    (45) colonialism    (46) imperialism
(47) Zapatistas    (48) Chiapas    (49) Vicente Fox    (50) Nelson Mandela
 

Geography 160, Exam #3

Fill-in-the-blank. Please complete the sentence with the most appropriate word, phrase, or brief sentence. Use correct spelling. Two (2) points per blank.

The desert that stretches across North Africa is the (1)____. Much of this desert receives less than one inch
of rain a year.

Rivers that begin in distant, more humid lands and flow into drier regions are called (2)____. An example in North Africa or Southwest Asia is the Nile.

In spite of the dry conditions, this region has many productive farms. For example, Israel's (3)____, which are collectively worked settlements that produce irrigated grain, vegetable, and orchard crops are very efficient and productive.

Islamic fundamentalists tend to argue for a political state led by religious authorities. The country of (4)____, led by an Ayatollah, is an example of one of these states.

In 1453, the Turks moved into the Anatolian Plateau and conquered the last vestiges of the Byzantine Empire. They created the vast (5)_____ Empire that stretched from southeastern Europe through most of  Southwest Asia and North Africa. This Empire collapsed at the end of World War I.

These people speak a common language (although it has not historically been a written language) and share a strong sense of shared cultural identity. In fact, these people's nation, known as (6) _____, is probably the world's largest nation without its own political state. Significant numbers of these people live in the adjoining countries of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria.

The island of (7)____ in the North Africa/Southwest Asia region is divided (by the "Green Line") between Greeks and Turks. The Greeks have a longer history here, but the Ottoman Turks occupied the area for three centuries.

In North Africa/Southwest Asia, the USA government has some strong allies, some strong enemies, and some aren't exactly friends, but perhaps not quite fierce enemies either. Our two strong allies in this region are: (8)____ and (9)____.

The highlands of Central Asia are the result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent into the Asian mainland. Even more extensive than the mountains is the (10)____ Plateau, most of which lies over 12,000 feet above sea level.

In terms of language, Central Asia is often considered to be the birthplace of the (11)____ speakers. About 2,000 years ago, Altaic languages replaced these languages.

In contrast to many of the countries of Central Asia, the status of women in the country of (12)____ is miserable. For women, dress is very restrictive, opportunities for schooling and work are almost non-existent, and life is short (45 years on average) and harsh.

Where does the Yangtze River originate? (13)____ It flows into the sea near the large city of (14)____.

China has a long urban tradition. For example, in the early 1700s, Edo, now known as (15)_____, had a population over one million. It was probably the world's largest city at the time (and it still is today).

Taiwan and South Korea are noted for their levels of urban primacy; what does this mean? (16)____ For example, the capital of South Korea, (17)____, is home to 40% of the country's population.

The Chinese writing system is very different from ours. Each character (or symbol) represents primarily an idea rather than a sound (although there are exceptions to this). As a result, a very large number of distinct characters are required to convey ideas. This entirely different system of writing is called (18)____.

In the United States, most of us have heard about feng shui (or geomancy). There was even a recent article about feng shui in the Lexington Herald-Leader. The Chinese and Koreans think it is very important to take these principles into account. What is the basic idea of feng shui? (19)____

Europeans seriously damaged Chinese society when they began selling (20)____ to the Chinese. Two wars were fought in the mid-1800s over the British right to sell this product in China. The Chinese lost both times and saw their great empire divided into spheres of influence where European economic power prevailed.

While the wealthy island of Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the last colonial territory in East Asia, (21)____, was returned to China in 1999. It was formerly a Portuguese colony.

Under Mao Zedong, the people of China were forced to participate in some very counter-productive measures (to say the least). In the 1950s, the Great Leap Forward was aimed at fueling industrial growth, at whatever cost. In the 1960s, the scheme was called the (22)____ and it was aimed at mobilizing the country's young people (the Red Guard) to stamp out any evidence of capitalism. Many of China's brightest and finest were killed or sentenced to hard labor. The economic impact of each scheme was absolutely devastating.

The two main branches of Islam are the (23)____, who don't think that the religious leaders need to be blood descendants of Mohammed and (24)____, who think that religious leaders must be blood descendants of Mohammed. Regardless of the branch, most followers of this religion repeat the basic creed, pray five times a day, engage in a month of daytime fasting each year, give alms, and undertake a pilgrimage to the holy city; these observances are called the (25)____.

In 1979, the Soviets invaded the country of (26)____. The US supported the Muslim opposition. After about one
million deaths, the Soviets withdrew in 1989. Internal fighting continued and, in 1994, a group calling itself the "students of religion" vowed to end the strife. We know this group as the (27)____. Today, these students control most of the country but, instead of improving conditions, things have actually deteriorated. In fact, this country is often called the world's most blighted. The “students of religion” recently raised the ire of the international community by doing what? (28)____

The oil-producing country of (29)____ lies where the culture hearth of Mesopotamia once emerged. It is a land of
archeological treasures, farmland, and natural resources. It is also the land of Saddam Hussein, who began his rise to
power in 1956 when he joined the Ba’ath party. After several stints in prison, he became the president of this country in 1979. From 1980 to 1988, his country was at war with the neighboring country of (30)____. The war ended in stalemate, with 100s of 1000s of the countries' young men dead. In spite of the war and Hussein's authoritarian rule, the country at this point had a very high literacy rate and good health care. These conditions began to change in 1990, when Hussein invaded the country of (31)____.

At the top of the Lamaist Buddhist religious/political hierarchy of Tibet was (and is) the (32)____, who is believed to be the reincarnation of the Buddha. Next in the hierarchy is the (33)____, who is responsible (among other things) for recognizing a newly incarnated Buddha. In 1949/50, this country was invaded by (34)____ and, in
1959, the country's religious leader fled the country.

China is often called a hybrid country. What does this mean? (35)____ The country's majority population is (36)____,  but there are 55 officially recognized minority groups. China's most influential philosopher and teacher, who lived from 551-479 BC, was (37)____; he taught on how to lead a proper life and how to organize a proper society.
 

Liu Baiyi characterized the Chinese culture as "environmentally-centered". Explain what he meant by this term:
(38)____ In exploring Chinese culture, he looked at three important influences. One of these influences relates to China's agricultural history. The other two influences he noted are: (39)____ and (40)____.

In the small country of Rwanda, the (41)____ colonizers created a hierarchy wherein the (42)____ were deemed
to be superior; it was to them that land, education, and political power were given. The majority, the (43)___, were
considered to be inferior and treated as such. When Rwanda became an independent country in 1962, the
tables were reversed, with an apartheid-like system now directed in the other direction. After a civil war
between the two factions from 1990 to 1992, a coalition government was formed. This turn of events fueled the
hatred of extremists who, in 1994, seized their opportunity to try to eliminate a whole ethnic group. When one
ethnic group seeks to kill another ethnic group, it is called (44)____. In this case, 800,000 human beings were
killed, many by being hacked to death with machetes, over a period of 100 days. The UN Security Council
made many errors, in terms of living up to its long-term pledges, as this carnage was occurring.

(45)____ is defined as the relationship in which a group of people located in one country is subject to the
authority of the people of another country. In contrast, (46)____ refers to the act of acquiring or holding these
dependencies.

On January 1, 1994, the Canada-US-Mexico trade agreement called NAFTA went into effect. On that day, a rebellion led by the (47)____ from the state of (48)____, Mexico erupted. At issues were land and livelihood, which they believe are jeopardized by neoliberalism (free trade). There is a bit of renewed hope that this situation will be resolved. This hope revolves around the election of a new president, (49)____, who was inaugurated on December 1, 2000. He is the first non-PRI president in 71 years.

In the Frontline video on South Africa's leader (50)____, the question was whether or not he would lead his
people "to the promised land." As he assumed the presidency, there were powerful forces working both in his favor and against him.

 Geography 160, Exam #3

Fill-in-the-blank. Please complete the sentence with the most appropriate word, phrase, or brief sentence. Use correct spelling. Two (2) points per blank.

The Maghreb region, which means "western island" includes the countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is dominated near the Mediterranean coastline by the (1)____ Mountains.

The region of North Africa and Southwest Asia was one of the earliest places where plants and animals were purposefully selected and bred for their desirable characteristics. This is known as (2)____ of plants and animals. Much of this early activity was in the (3)____, a zone that stretches from the eastern Mediterranean through northern Syria and into Iraq.

The Muslim's holy book, the (4)____, is a book of revelations received by Mohammed (Muhammad) from Allah (God). According to Islamic belief, these revelations represent Allah's highest religious and oral revelations to humankind. The Islamic faith is built on the "five pillars," one of which involves making at least one pilgrimage, known as the (5)____, to Mecca during one's lifetime.

The sacred language of the Jewish people is a modern version of (6)____. This language is a 3,000 year old Semitic language.

During colonial times, both the French and the British were big players in North Africa/Southwest Asia.
One famous engineering feat from that period is the British-engineered (7)_____ which linked the Mediterranean
Sea with the Red Sea in 1869. Even today, this project facilitates trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia.

The former Spanish colony of (8)____ was invaded and annexed by Morocco in the late 1970s. This invasion and occupation, in part motivated by large phosphate deposits, is an example of one African country colonizing another.

North Africa/Southwest Asia's biggest trading partner (both in terms of exports and imports) is (9)____.

The (10)____ Desert of China and Mongolia is spreading southward, an example of desertification that is
hurting agriculture in north China.

While the peoples of the steppes of Central Asia used to be powerful, they were vanquished in the 1700s by the (11)____ and (12)____.

The North China Plain is one of the world's most thoroughly anthropogenic landscapes. What exactly does that mean? (13)____

On the Loess Plateau, one sees an interesting housing type that suits the environment. Briefly explain
how the inhabitants on the Loess Plateau construct their homes? (14)____

While much of Beijing was razed and rebuilt when the Communists took over in 1949, some special places were preserved. For example, the buildings of the (15)____, where the Manchu rulers once lived, were saved and converted to museums.

In 1997, the wealthy city of (16)____ was removed from British colonial control and granted a unique status as a largely autonomous "special administrative region" of China. It is supposed to maintain that status for 50 years.

It you want to see many examples of Japan's premodern architecture, complete with beautiful Buddhist monasteries and Shinto temples, you should visit the old imperial capital of (17)____.

(18)____ is a religion deeply tied to the idea of Japanese nationality. It began as a form of animism which evolved into a nationalistic cult focused on the divinity of the Japanese imperial family.

In Japan, a group culturally and physically distinct from the Japanese live on Japan's northern island of Hokkaido. Only 24,000 of these people, the (19)____, still survive.

A legacy from World War II is seen today in the situation (which is now hopefully changing) in (20)____. After the war, the country was divided at the 38th parallel, with the north going to the Soviet Union and the south going to the United States. The north invaded the south in 1950 and, while territory was not gained or lost, neither was anything resolved. The war ended in a stalemate and, to this day, two countries divided by the 38th parallel exist.

After World War II, the United States occupied Japan and installed military bases on the island of (21)____. The military facilities are still there and are the source of emotions ranging from support to ambivalence to very strong and vocal outrage.

Hong Kong is characterized as having one of the world's most laissez-faire economic systems. What does laissez faire mean in this context? (22)____

With 1.25 billion adherents worldwide, the fastest growing religion in the world today is (23)____. The founder of this religion is (24)____, who lived from 570-632 AD. He lived most of his life in the Saudi Arabian city of (25)____, but fled to Medina temporarily when opposition to his teachings of one god arose.

In the late 1800s, a movement to create a Jewish homeland began. This idea/movement of creating a Jewish homeland as a political solution to the persecution of the Jews is called (26)____. In 1948, the Jewish state of
Israel was created. Formerly, this area was known as Palestine. Wars over rights to this land were fought in 1948-1949, 1967, and 1973. The intifada occurred between 1980 and 1991. The peace process, following from the Oslo Peace Accords of September 1993 have now broken down. The violence has escalated recently, not helped by the fact that the leaders: the Palestinian leader (27)____ and the Israeli leader (28)____ are not working together to resolve the issues.

While the wealthy island of Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the last colonial territory in East Asia, (29)____, was returned to China in 1999. It was formerly a Portuguese colony.

Today, six of the countries in Central Asia used to be part of the (30)____, which collapsed in December of 1991.
Environmental destruction plagues Central Asia. For example, the (31)____ Sea is today one of the world's worst
environmental disasters. The sea is saltier, the size is much smaller, the fish are gone, the people are sick, and a salt
desert has been created; this all occurred after the Soviets decided to divert water for the production of (32)____ (name the crop).

The Chinese write in characters that convey ideas rather than sounds, so their characters are an example of ideographic writing. It is a challenge to translate these characters into the Roman alphabet. The two attempts to do so have resulted in the capital being spelled Peking and Beijing. Peking was the spelling under the Wade-Giles system, while Beijing is the spelling under the (33)____ system. In terms of spoken language, almost one billion Chinese speak (34)____.

It was during the Han dynasty that the Confucian meritocracy was adopted; under this system, young men would study for many years before testing to become a/an (35)____ (a member of the scholarly elite who served as the ruling officials under the emperor). Finally, the last Chinese dynasty (from 1644 to 1911) was the Qing (Manchu). After decades of struggle, the communists led by (36)____  came to power in 1949. The vanquished fled to the island of (37)____.
 
 

Liu Baiyi characterized the Chinese culture as "environmentally-centered". Explain what he meant by this term:
(38)____ In exploring Chinese culture, he looked at three important influences. One of these influences relates to China's agricultural history. The other two influences he noted are: (39)____ and (40)____.

In the small country of Rwanda, the (41)____ colonizers created a hierarchy wherein the (42)____ were deemed
to be superior; it was to them that land, education, and political power were given. The majority, the (43)___, were
considered to be inferior and treated as such. When Rwanda became an independent country in 1962, the
tables were reversed, with an apartheid-like system now directed in the other direction. After a civil war
between the two factions from 1990 to 1992, a coalition government was formed. This turn of events fueled the
hatred of extremists who, in 1994, seized their opportunity to try to eliminate a whole ethnic group. When one
ethnic group seeks to kill another ethnic group, it is called (44)____. In this case, 800,000 human beings were
killed, many by being hacked to death with machetes, over a period of 100 days. The UN Security Council
made many errors, in terms of living up to its long-term pledges, as this carnage was occurring.

(45)____ is defined as the relationship in which a group of people located in one country is subject to the
authority of the people of another country. In contrast, (46)____ refers to the act of acquiring or holding these
dependencies.

On January 1, 1994, the Canada-US-Mexico trade agreement called NAFTA went into effect. On that day, a rebellion led by the (47)____ from the state of (48)____, Mexico erupted. At issues were land and livelihood, which they believe are jeopardized by neoliberalism (free trade). There is a bit of renewed hope that this situation will be resolved. This hope revolves around the election of a new president, (49)____, who was inaugurated on December 1, 2000. He is the first non-PRI president in 71 years.

In the Frontline video on South Africa's leader (50)____, the question was whether or not he would lead his
people "to the promised land." As he assumed the presidency, there were powerful forces working both in his favor and against him.
 
 

Review Questions for Exam #3

   --- As of April 3, 2001 at 9:40 p.m., all review questions for Exam #3 have been posted. ---.

Note: Exam #3 will on April 5. New material covered will be Southwest Asia/North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia. Remember to review Exam #1 and Exam #2.

Note: The study session for this exam will be on Wednesday, April 4 from 6:30-8:00 p.m. in OB 242. This study session will be conducted differently. You will need to come to the session prepared (you must have already answered the questions). Students will divide into two groups. I will quiz the groups. There will be two opportunties for the groups (one try per group) to correctly answer the question. I will repeat the correct answer one time and one time only. If students come to the session unprepared, I will have to re-evaluate the value of these study sessions. There will also be an open study session on Wednesday, April 4 from 8:00-9:30 p.m. in OB 242 (I will check in on this study group, but it will not be structured as the earlier one).

Chapter 7: Southwest Asia and North Africa:

1.    As a site of early agriculture, several great civilizations, and three major world religions, the region of
Southwest Asia and North Africa is a key global ____ (page 265).

2.    Twelve oil-producing countries belong to ____, an organization that tries to influence global prices and
supplies of oil (and sometimes succeeds). Many of the member nations lie in SW Asia/North Africa. Name
three: ____ ____ ____ (page 266)

3.    In the SW Asia/North Africa region, Sunni and Shi'ite proponents of ____ advocate a return to a more
conservative, religious-based society and state. (page 266)

4.    The ____ region, which means "western island" includes the countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It
is dominated near the Mediterranean coastline by the ____ Mountains. (page 267)

5.    The eastern Mediterranean region is known as the ____. Perhaps it will help you remember the word if
you remember that Lebanon is one of the countries in this region. (page 267)

6.    Because of converging tectonic plates from North Africa to Iran, a/an _____ hazard exists across much of
the region. (page 268)

7.    The country of ____ holds the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It is the present-day country in
which Mesopotamia once thrived. (page 268)

8.    The desert that stretches across North Africa is the ____. Much of this desert receives less than one inch
of rain a year. In Southwest Asia, deserts also dominate, including Saudi Arabia's _____, one of the world's
most desolate areas. (pages 269, 270)

9.    Long-term human settlement on marginal lands have despoiled the land in many ways. For example,
irrigation allowed the desert to bloom, but it also led to ____, the buildup of toxic salts in the soil. (page 273)

10.    Water is at a premium in this part of the world and humans have been very innovative in managing the
limited water available. For example, in Iran a system of tapping groundwater through a series of gently
sloping tunnels was widely replicated througout the region. This Iranian system is called the ____. Another,
more recent engineering feat was the construction of the ____ dam on the Nile River in the country of ____.
While a number of benefits have been realized, the environmental costs have been high. What is one of these
environmental costs? ____ (pages 273, 274)

11.    During the Persian Gulf War, Iraq used environmental devastation as a tool of warfare. What did the
Iraqis do? ____ (page 274)

12.    ____ water is underground water that was stored in earlier times, during a wetter climatic period and
generally over a long period of time. We find these underground resources in the USA's Great Plains, in North
Africa/Southwest Asia, and other places around the world. When it's gone, it's gone for a very long time. (page
274)

13.    In Egypt, much of the land is almost unpopulated by humans while areas, such as along the Nile, are
densely populated. A useful statistic called ____ relates the number of people to the amount of arable land
(land fit for cultivation). (page 275)

14.    The region of North Africa and Southwest Asia was one of the earliest places where plants and animals
were purposefully selected and bred for their desirable characteristics. This is known as ____ of plants and
animals. Much of this early activity was in the ____, a zone that stretches from the eastern Mediterranean
through northern Syria and into Iraq. (page 276)

15.    People who practice ____ depend on the seasonal movement of livestock for a large part of their
livelihood. Where the right conditions exist, some of these people move their livestock to cooler, greener high
country pastures in the summer and back to the valley and lowland settings for fall and winter grazing; this
practice is called ____. Today, fewer than 10 million of these people remain; one of the surviving examples
are the ____. (page 277)

16.    Rivers that begin in distant, more humid lands and flow into drier regions are called ____. An example in
North Africa or Southwest Asia is ____. (page 279)

17.    In spite of the dry conditions, this region has many productive farms. For example, Israel's ____, which
are collectively worked settlements that produce irrigated grain, vegetable, and orchard crops are very
efficient and productive. (page 279)

18.    Urbanization began in ____ around 3500 BC, with cities such as Eridu and Ur reaching populations of
25,000 to 35,000. By the 8th century AD, the region of North Africa and Southwest Asia was seeing the
influence of Islam. A particular architectural style included a walled urban core or ____ , with its mosque,
nearby marketplace, and housing districts that maximized privacy. (pages 280-281)

19.    Judaism is an ancient faith, going back 4,000 years to Abraham who led his people from Mesopotamia
to Canaan. Today, the country of ____ is the land of ancient Canaan. The Jewish people believe in one God, a religious belief known as ____. (page 283)

20.    The Muslim's holy book, the ____, is a book of relevations received by Mohammed (Muhammad) from
Allah (God). According to Islamic belief, these revelations represent Allah's highest religious and oral
revelations to humankind. The Islamic faith is built on the "five pillars," one of which involves making at least
one pilgrimage, known as the ____, to Mecca during one's lifetime. (page 283)

21.    Islamic fundamentalists tend to argue for a ____, a political state led by religious authorities. The country
of ____, led by an Ayatollah, is an example of one of these states. (page 284)

22.    While the Islamic faith has two major branches, the result of an early conflict over succession of religious
power, the ____ branch is the mainstream branch. (page 284)

23.    In 1453, the Turks moved into the Anatolian Plateau and conquered the last vestiges of the Byzantine
Empire. They created the vast _____ Empire that stretched from southeastern Europe through most of
Southwest Asia and North Africa. This Empire collapsed at the end of World War I. (page 285)

24.    The sacred language of the Jewish people is a modern version of ____. This language is a 3,000 year
old Semitic language. (page 287)

25.    The people of Iran are primarily Shi'ite Muslims and, rather than speaking Arabic, they speak ____. The
official language is Farsi, which is the form of this language spoken in Fars. (page 288)

26.    These people speak a common language (although it has not historically been a written language) and share a strong sense of shared cultural identity. In fact, these people's nation, known as  _____, is probably the world's largest nation without its own political state. From the map on page 290, one sees that significant numbers of these people live in four adjoining countries. One of these countries is: ___ ___ (pages 288, 290)

27.    During colonial times, both the French and the British were big players in North Africa/Southwest Asia.
One famous engineering feat from that period is the British-engineered _____ which linked the Mediterranean
Sea with the Red Sea in 1869. Even today, this project facilitates trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia.
(page 291)

28.    Although the Jewish state of Israel did not become a reality until May, 1948, the groundwork for such a
state occurred after WWI (1917). It was in that year that the British issued the ____, which was basically a
pledge to try to establish a home for the Jews in Palestine. (page 292)

29.    In studying Figure 7.27, one sees that the Palestinians have suffered a massive loss of land. In fact, from
1949 to 1967, they had no land to call their own. Since that time, some lands in the Gaza strip and ____ have
gradually been returned to Palestinian control. (page 293)

30.    The world watched in 1978 and 1979 as Islamic fundamentalism became a force to be reckoned with  in
the North Africa/Southwest Asia region. In the country of ____, Shi'ite Muslim clerics successfully engineered
the overthrow of the Shah and replaced him with the Ayatollah Khomeni. Religious differences have played a
role in conflicts in several other countries in this region, for example in the country of ____ (pages 294,295)

31.    The island of ____ in the North Africa/Southwest Asia region is divided (by the "Green Line") between
Greeks and Turks. The Greeks have a longer history here, but the Ottoman Turks occupied the area for three
centuries. (page 296)

32.    The former Spanish colony of ____ was invaded and annexed by Morocco in the late 1970s. This
invasion and occupation, in part motivated by large phosphate deposits, is an example of one African country
colonizing another. (page 297)

33.    In North Africa/Southwest Asia, the USA government has some strong allies, some strong enemies, and
some aren't exactly friends, but perhaps not quite fierce enemies either. Our two strong allies in this region
are: ____ and ____. (page 298)

34.    Oil has made a number of North African/Southwest Asian countries rich (but there are still a number of
poor people in these rich countries). Countries such as ___, with only 20 million residents and a quarter of the
world's known oil supplies, have reaped billions in revenues from petroleum. The people who tend to reap
fewer benefits from the oil economy in this country are ____ (two acceptable responses). (pages
298, 299, 301)

35.    Morocco is given as an example of a country suffering from a brain drain. In the case of Morocco, this
means that ___ is occurring. (page 303)

36.    After studying Table 7.3, which country would probably be your last choice as a residence? ___ Why?
____ (page 304)

37.    According to Figure 7.37, North Africa/Southwest Asia's biggest trading partner (both in terms of exports
and imports) is ____. (page 306)

Chapter 10: Central Asia

38.    Physically, how did the highlands of Central Asia come to be? ____ Even more extensive than the
mountains is the ____ Plateau, most of which lies over 12,000 feet above sea level. (page 408)

39.    Looking at Figure 10.5, one sees that most of Central Asia's climate can be classified as ____. The
environmental problems experienced in the region, such as ____ and ____, are often associated with this climate type. (page 411)

40.    The ____ Desert of China and Mongolia is spreading southward, an example of desertification that is
hurting agriculture in north China. (page 412)

41.    Much of the Tibetan Plateau is cold, the water scarce, and the vegetation sparse, yet most of Tibet's
population lives off the land. How do these people survive? ____ (page 415)

42.    Many of the people of Kyrgyzstan (pronounded KEER-geeze-stahn) practice ____, which involves
moving sheep (or other domesticated animals) from lowland pastures in the winter to highland meadows in the
summer. (page 416)

43.    Central Asia generally supports a sparse population, but some areas are growing fairly rapidly. For
example, much of the population growth in western China since 1970 has been the result of what? ____ (page
417)

44.    From Table 10.1, ones sees that, on average, women in the country of ____ still have 6.1 children during
their childbearing years. Even though many of these children die young, this high TFR results in 41% of the
population being under 15 years old. (page 418)

45.    In terms of language, Central Asia is often considered to be the birthplace of the ____ speakers. About
2,000 years ago, Altaic languages replaced these languages. (page 420)

46.    From Figure 10.15, one sees a map of the extent of the world's largest land-based empire. This was the
____ Empire of the 1200s, which included what is today Mongolia, China, Ukraine, Iraq, and others. (page
421)

47.    While a complex mix of languages is spoken in the Central Asian countries that used to be part of the
USSR, the linguistic/ethnic geography of the country of ____ is even more complex. The largest ethnic group
is the ____, descendants of the 18th century creators of the country. (page 423)

48.    Prior to 1959, Tibet could have been characterized as a ____, because the Dalai Lama was both the
religious and political authority. In the religious hierarchy of Lamaism (or Tibetan Buddhism), the ___ ranks just
below the Dalai Lama. (page 424-425)

49.    While the peoples of the steppes of Central Asia used to be powerful, they were vanquished in the
1700s by the ____ and ____. (page 426)

50.    After the establishment of the Soviet Union (a result of the Revolution of 1917), 15 Soviet Socialist
Republics were formed. Today, these former republics are independent countries; six of them are in Central Asia. In Central Asia, the largest and most resource-rich, and the one that seems to have the best chance for success, is the country of  ____ (pages 427, 429)

51.    An example of a/an ____, defined as "a portion of a country's territory that lies outside of its contiguous
land area", is Naxcivan, which is part of the country of Azerbaijan but is separated from it by Armenia's
landmass. (page 429)

52.    Since the late 1970s, when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, this country has been in a state of turmoil.
In the mid-1990s, young Islamic students calling themselves the ____ began their ruthless effort to end the
anarchy and impose Islamic law. Today, this country is near the bottom of most economic and social
indicators. (pages 430, 431)

53.    As is apparent from Figure 10.27, Central Asia has some significant economic assets. Specifically, this
region has some of the world's largest deposits of ____. (page 434)

54.    In contrast to many of the countries of Central Asia, the status of women in the country of ____ is
miserable. For women, dress is very restrictive, opportunities for schooling and work are almost non-existent,
and life is short (45 years on average) and harsh. (page 437)

Chapter 11: East Asia:

55.    According to the map on page 446, where in East Asia would one encounter a monsoon climate? ____

56.    Where does the Yangtze River originate? ____ It flows into the sea near the large city of ____. (page 448)

57.    The country of ____ lacks a historical tradition of forest conservation. Entire forests have been burned
just to have the ash to use as fertilizer. The reforestation efforts have met with limited success and today
substantial forests are found only in the country's ____ and ____. (page 450)

58.    Most of China's electricity is generated by ____. Pollution, in the form of ____, is the unfortunate result.
(page 453)

59.    From Table 11.1, one sees that Hong Kong's population is 100% urban (this table is a bit confusing
since Hong Kong is not a country).  Which of the listed countries is least urbanized? ____ (page 454)

60.    The major crop of Japan is ____. Japanese farming has long been one of the most productive forms of
agriculture; the country's premier farming districts are located where? _____ (page 454)

61.    The North China Plain is one of the world's most thoroughly anthropogenic landscapes. What exactly
does that mean? ____ (page 456)

62.    On the Loess Plateau, one sees an interesting housing type that suits the environment. Briefly explain
how the inhabitants on the Loess Plateau construct their homes? ____ What is an unfortunate downside of
these homes? ____ (page 456)

63.    During the 1980s, China was self-sufficient in food, but now it isn't. It has a huge population, to be sure,
but that doesn't entirely explain the fact that China must import grain to feed its people. What happened? ____
(page 457)

64.    China has a long urban tradition. For example, in the early 1700s, Edo, now known as _____, had a
population over one million. It was probably the world's largest city at the time (and it still is today). (page 458)

65.    While much of Beijing was razed and rebuilt when the Communists took over in 1949, some special
places were preserved. For example, the buildings of the ____, where the Manchu rulers once lived, were
saved and converted to museums. (page 459)

66.    In 1997, the wealthy city of ____ was removed from British colonial contorl and granted a unique status
as a largely autonomous "special administrative region" of China. It is supposed to maintain that status for 50
years. (page 459)

67.    Taiwan and South Korea are noted for their levels of urban primacy; what does this mean? ____ For
example, the capital of South Korea, ____, is home to 40% of the country's population. (page 460)

68.    It you want to see many examples of Japan's premodern architecture, complete with beautiful Buddhist
monasteries and Shinto temples, you should visit the old imperial capital of ____. (page 461)

69.    One item the diets of East Asia have in common is ____, a traditional source of protein. Americans have
more recently begun to add this source of protein to our diets. (page 462)

70.    The Chinese writing system is very different from ours. Each character (or symbol) represents primarily
an idea rather than a sound (although there are exceptions to this). As a result, a very large number of distinct
characters are required to convey ideas. This entirely different system of writing is called ____. In Japan,
characters borrowed from Chinese are called ____. (pages 462, 463)

71.    Confucius, who lived during the 6th Century BC, focused his attention primarily on: ____. Even so, many
consider Confucianism a religion, and perhaps rightly so, since ethics lies at the heart of his ideas. (page 464)

72.    Chinese often say that the purpose of schooling in China is to "select" people, not to educate them as is the goal in the United States. That idea can be traced back to the high officials of pre-modern China, the ____, who were selected in accordance with their performance on competitive examinations. (page 464)

73.    ____ is a religion deeply tied to the idea of Japanese nationality. It began as a form of animism which
evolved into a nationalistic cult focused on the divinity of the Japanese imperial family. (page 465)

74.    In the United States, most of us have heard about feng shui (or geomancy). There was even a recent
article about feng shui in the Lexington Herald-Leader. The Chinese and Koreans think it is very important to
take these principles into account. What is the basic idea of feng shui? ____ (page 465)

75.    In terms of territory, the Sino-Tibetan language of ____ is spoken over the widest area in East Asia.
Uigur (an Altaic language) is spoken north of Tibet and ____ is spoken in Tibet. (page 467)

76.    In Japan, a group culturally and physically distinct from the Japanese live on Japan's northern island of
Hokkaido. Only 24,000 of these people, the ____, still survive. (page 467)

77.    Japan has a group somewhat analogous to India's untouchables. These are the ___, whose ancestors
worked in so-called "polluting" industries such as leathercraft. These people continue to be some of the
poorest and least well-educated in Japan. (page 468)

78.    The vast majority of China's people are ____, the people who have long been incorporated within
Chinese cultural and political systems and whose languages are expressed in the Chinese characters. (page
469)

79.    While we are now very familiar with the distinct possibility of cultural extinction in Tibet, it is also the case
that the descendants of the dynastic rulers from 1644 to 1912 are on the verge of cultural extinction. These
people are the descendants of the ____. (page 470)

80.    For much of the past 2,000 years (up until the European colonial period), the Chinese Empire was the
world's wealthiest and most powerful state. Its only real threat came periodically from the northern nomads of
____ and ____. (page 473)

81.    It was during the last dynasty, that of the ____, when Tibet was first occupied by China. (pages 473, 474)

82.    Europeans seriously damaged Chinese society when they began selling ____ to the Chinese. Two wars
were fought in the mid-1800s over the British right to sell this product in China. The Chinese lost both times
and saw their great empire divided into spheres of influence where European economic power prevailed.
(pages 475, 476)

83.    While the country of ____ emerged as a state 2,000 years later than China, they were very strong by the
early 20th century. The country annexed Korea prior to World War I, added territory after World War I, and
cruelly conquered large areas of China in the 1930s. (page 477)

84.    A legacy from World War II is seen today in the situation (which is now hopefully changing) in ____. After
the war, this country was divided at the 38th parallel, with the north going to the Soviet Union and the south
going to the United States. The north invaded the south in 1950 and, while territory was not gained or lost,
neither was anything resolved. The war ended in a stalemate and, to this day, two countries divided by the
38th parallel exist. (page 477)

85.    After World War II, the United States occupied Japan and installed military bases on the island of ____.
The military facilities are still there and are the source of emotions ranging from support to ambivalence to very
strong and vocal outrage. (page 478)

86.    A strange game of geopolitics is ongoing between the island of ____ and mainland China. Each has (at
least in the past) claimed that their locale is the legitimate seat of the Chinese government. At the moment,
mainland China has said that it will invade the island if it attempts to declare itself an independent country.
(page 478)

87.    While the wealthy island of Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the last colonial territory in East
Asia, ____, was returned to China in 1999. It was formerly a Portuguese colony. (page 479)

88.    The textbook pointed out several differences between the lifestyles of people in Japan and in the United
States. In some ways, people in the United States have advantages over the Japanese but in other respects,
the Japanese have benefits not experienced in the US. According to the textbook, the most important social
advantage that Japan has over the US is: ____ (page 482)

89.    Hong Kong is characterized as having one of the world's most laissez-faire economic systems. What
does laissez faire mean in this context? ____ (page 485)

90.    Under Mao Zedong, the people of China were forced to participate in some very counter-productive
measures (to say the least). In the 1950s, the Great Leap Forward was aimed at fueling industrial growth, at
whatever cost. In the 1960s, the scheme was called the ____ and it was aimed at mobilizing the country's
young people (the Red Guard) to stamp out any evidence of capitalism. Many of China's brightest and finest
were killed or sentenced to hard labor. The economic impact of each scheme was absolutely devastating.
(page 485)

91.    Overall, China continues to experience strong economic growth; however, the benefits of this growth are
not uniform. Contrary to the socialist ideal, the Chinese government has encouraged the formation of an
economic elite. Today, one of the poorest parts of the country lies next to one of the richest. One of these wealthier areas is Zhejiang and its adjacent poor neighbor is ____. (pages 486, 487)

92.    As outlined in the textbook, what is one of the "rising tensions" in China? ____ (page 488)

93.    While there are exceptions, women have traditionally and continue to have subordinate positions in
Chinese society. What is one specific way in which the devaluing of women manifests (or has manifested)
itself? ____ (page 489)

Lectures and Videos:

94.    With 1.25 billion adherents worldwide, the fastest growing religion in the world today is ____. The founder of this religion is ____, who lived from 570-632 AD. He lived most of his life in the Saudi Arabian city of ____, but fled to Medina temporarily when opposition to his teachings of one god arose. The two main branches of this religion are the ____, who don't think that the religious leaders need to be blood descendants of Mohammed and ____, who think that religious leaders must be blood descendants of Mohammed. Regardless of the branch, most followers of this religion repeat the basic creed, pray five times a day, engage in a month of daytime fasting each year, give alms, and undertake a pilgrimage to the holy city; these observances are called the ____.

95.    After Exam #2, we watched part of a video called "Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land". Some say this is a conflict between God and History, i.e., a conflict in which both sides have legitimate claims to the land. Some of the sense of wounded spirits occurred during World War II, when Jewish immigration into Palestine was limited. Who put monthly limits on Jewish immigration? ____ Other spirits were wounded about one month before Israeli independence was declared. The event occurred in the village of Deir Yassin. Briefly, who was the aggressor and what happened? ____

96.    There are about 18 million Jews in the world today. While the largest number actually live in North America, we often associate the Jews with the country of ____ (which is in the region in which one finds the second largest number of Jews). The Jews claim Israel as their homeland because about 2000 BC, following God's promise to them, they migrated to the land of ____ (today's Israel). During the time of the Roman Empire, the Jews began to disperse throughout the world. In the late 1800s, a movement to create a Jewish homeland began. This idea of creating a Jewish homeland as a political solution to the persecution of the Jews is called ____. In 1948, the Jewish state of Israel was created. Formerly, this area was known as ____. Wars over rights to this land were fought in 1948-1949, 1967, and 1973. The intifada occurred between 1980 and 1991; what was the intifada? ____ The peace process, following from the Oslo Peace Accords of September 1993 have now broken down. The violence has escalated recently, not helped by the fact that the leaders: the Palestinian leader ____ and the Israeli leader ____ are not working together to resolve the issues.

97.    In 1979, the Soviets invaded the country of ____. The US supported the Muslim opposition. After about one million deaths, the Soviets withdrew in 1989. Internal fighting continued and, in 1994, a group calling itself the "students of religion" vowed to end the strife. We know this group as the ____. Today, these students control most of the country but, instead of improving conditions, things have actually deteriorated. In fact, this country is often called the world's most blighted. How it is "blighted"? ____ The students recently raised the ire of the international community by doing what? ____

98.    The oil-producing country of ____ lies where the culture hearth of Mesopotamia once emerged. It is a land of archeological treasures, farmland, and natural resources. It is also the land of Saddam Hussein, who began his rise to power in 1956 when he joined a political party, the ____ party. After several stints in prison, he became the president of this country in 1979. From 1980 to 1988, his country was at war with the neighboring country of ____. The war ended in stalemate, with 100s of 1000s of the countries' young men dead. In spite of the war and Hussein's authoritarian rule, the country at this point had a very high literacy rate and good health care. These conditions began to change in 1990, when Hussein invaded the country of ____. Why did he invade? ____ When he wouldn't back down, a larger war occurred. The Gulf War ended in February, 1991. As illustrated in the video "Paying the Price" the war hasn't really ended for the masses of people in this country. The country continues to be bombed. Describe what else has happened: ____

99.    A 1990 world regional geography textbook would probably not have had a chapter entitled "Central Asia". Why not? ____ Today, six of the countries in this region used to be part of the ____, which collapsed in December of 1991. Using the correct spelling, name one of these six countries: ____ In these countries, the majority of the people are adherents of what religion? ____ Succinctly describe what is happening to these countries' economies: ____ Environmental destruction plagues Central Asia. For example, the ____ Sea is today one of the world's worst environmental disasters. The sea is saltier, the size is much smaller, the fish are gone, the people are sick, and a salt desert has been created; this all occurred after the Soviets decided to divert water for the production of ____ (name the crop).

100.    The religion of ____ is Lamaist Buddhist. Buddhism diffused into this area in the 7th century and merged with the indigenous religion, known as Bon. When it declared independence in 1912, it was a/an ____ (meaning that the political and religious leaders were one and the same). At the top of the religious/political hierarchy was (and is) the ____, who is believed to be the reincarnation of the Buddha. Next in the hierarchy is the ____, who is responsible (among other things) for recognizing a newly incarnated Buddha. In 1949/50, this country was invaded by ____ and, in 1959, the country's religious leader fled to the country of ____ (where he still resides). In the video "Dreams of Tibet" we saw how Hollywood has both romanticized a culture that has in large part been destroyed and has raised awareness of the plight of its people. In one sentence, describe one aspect of this plight. ____ Provide two good reasons why China wants to hold on to this place so badly: ____ and ____

101.    The Chinese write in characters that convey ideas rather than sounds, so their characters are an example of _____ writing. It is a challenge to translate these characters into the Roman alphabet. The two attempts to do so have resulted in the capital being spelled Peking and Beijing. Peking was the spelling under the Wade-Giles system, while Beijing is the spelling under the ____ system. In terms of spoken language, almost one billion Chinese speak ____.

102.    China is often called a hybrid country. What does this mean? ____ The country's majority population is ____, but there are 55 officially recognized minority groups. China's hearth area is the ____; this is an area where one finds fertile but fragile loess soils. China's most influential philosopher and teacher, who lived from 551-479 BC, was ____; he taught that ____ (there are several acceptable answers). For 4000 years, China was ruled by dynasties. For example, China got its name from the ___ dynasty that ruled from 221-206 BC. It was during the ____ dynasty that the Confucian meritocracy was adopted; under this system, young men would study for many years before testing to become a/an ____ (a member of the scholarly elite who served as the ruling officials under the emperor). Finally, the last Chinese dynasty (from 1644 to 1911) was the ____. After decades of struggle, the communists led by ____ came to power in 1949. The vanquished fled to the island of ____. It was during the rule of ____ (1976-1993) that the Chinese were told that amassing wealth was a good thing. Today, China has a wealthy elite and many people who are very, very poor.

103.    Liu Baiyi characterized the Chinese culture as "environmentally-centered". Explain what he meant by this term: ____ In exploring Chinese culture, he looked at three important influences. One of these influences relates to China's agricultural history. The other two influences he noted are: ____ and ____. Baiyi also explained the one-child policy. Why do the Chinese accept (more or less) this policy? ____ What, in your opinion, was the most important statement Baiyi made? ____

Geography 160, Exam #2A

Key: 1.Congo (T)    2.Madagascar (F)    3.Ethiopia (P)    4.Brazil (D)    5.Zimbabwe (V)    6.Puerto Rico (W)    7.Vieques    8.Rwanda (A)    9.Hutu extremists    10.Kenya (J)    11.imperialism    12.theocracy    13.Tenochtitlan    14.Indo-European    15.supranational    16.Zapatistas    17.Guatemala    18.petroleum    19.Ibo    20.Biafra    21.Hausa-Fulani    22.30,000 credit companies targeted at poor blacks; 9 million loans per month, with up to 400% monthly interest; black debt is soaring    23.African National Congress (ANC)    24.Apartheid    25.homelands    26.townships    27.Nelson Mandela    28.Fidel Castro    29.USSR    30.maquiladoras    31.Dominican Republic    32.Haiti    33.kleptocracy    34.most trade is with European countries (the old colonial masters)    35.Zulu    36.Nubia (or Kush)    37.animist    38.Masai    39.the past colonial power    40.swidden    41.desertification    42.circular migration    43.chain migration    44.maroon    45.Monroe Doctrine    46 and 47.Caribs and Arawaks    48.fertility decline    49.loss of nurseries for fish, beach erosion    50.Montserrat

Fill-in-the-blank and Map Quiz. Using the correct spelling, please complete the sentence or respond to the question by listing the correct place [this is (a)]. Then, on the base map provided, find the letter that corresponds with the place’s location. Write down that letter in the second blank [this is (b)]. One (1) point per blank.

After that of the Amazon Basin, the largest expanse of humid equatorial rainforest is where? (1)(a)____ (b)____. As seen in the most recent issue of "National Geographic" (October 2000), much of this forest is still intact.

Agriculture in the country of (2)(a)____  (b)____ is a unique combination of African influences (as seen in shifting cultivation practices) and Southeast Asian influences (as seen in rice growing).

Christianity's first conversions outside the Roman Empire were in northeast Africa. Coptic Christianity has been a major faith in the country of (3)(a)____ (b)____ since about 300 A.D. While the text doesn't tell you this, Bob Marley and the Rastafarians draw/drew much of their inspiration (and their savior) from this country and its former king (Haile Selassie).

The African slave triangle, that linked Africa to America and to Europe, was a tragedy of gigantic proportions. Of the estimated 13 millions Africans who were sold into slavery from about 1500 to 1870, to what particular country did the largest number go? (4)(a)____ (b)____

We are still seeing the fall-out from the colonial era in the country of (5)(a)____  (b)____ (used to be southern Rhodesia). At the time of independence, 250,000 white-supremacists declared an independent state. This government was eventually forced to capitulate, but the problem between the poor, landless blacks and the well-to-do white farmers continues.

Depending upon your perspective, (6)(a)____  (b)____ in the Caribbean is a "self-governing commonwealth in union with the U.S." or a colony of the US. This island was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Today, 60% of the people still live below the poverty line. The island serves as a major point of entry for drugs into the US; as a result, crime and corruption are very problematic. The people are also very concerned about the US military's live-firing exercises on their little island of (7)____.

The central African country of (8)(a)____ (b)____ has a small population, only 8 million. It was colonized by Germany in the late 1800s, and then by Belgium after WWI. During the 1994 genocide, (9)____ killed 800,000 in 100 days. Finally, in the summer of 1994, the RPF forces were able to end the killing.

During the 1980s, the Sub-Saharan country of (10)(a)____ (b)____ had the highest rate of population increase of any country in the world.

Fill-in-the-blank. Please complete the sentence with the most appropriate word, phrase, or brief sentence. Use correct spelling. Two (2) points per blank.

Colonialism is defined as the relationship in which a group of people located in one country is subject to the authority of the people of another country. In contrast, (11)____ refers to the act of acquiring or holding these dependencies.

The Amerindians of Middle America included the Mayans, a people whose culture dates back 3000 years. They (and their descendants still live) in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and southern Mexico. Their government was a/an (12)____, which means that their political leaders were also religious leaders.

In 1325, the Aztecs built the city of (13)____ in the Valley of Mexico. In the place of the Aztecs’ city, today one finds a megacity, a city 8000 feet above sea level and surrounded by mountains.

(14) ____ is the language family with the most speakers. The romance languages, of which French is an example, are in this language family.

In contrast to the international organization are (15)____ organization, wherein the cooperation between the countries necessitates a partial loss of state sovereignty by individual members. The European Union (EU) is a good good example.

On January 1, 1994, NAFTA went into effect. On that day, a rebellion led by the (16)____ from the state of Chiapas, Mexico erupted.

The country of (17)____, lying just to the south of Mexico, was part of Mexico until 1838. In recent years, it has suffered from much turmoil. A democratically-elected president, Arbenz, was driven from office in 1954 because of his “left” leanings.

Over 95% of Nigeria's foreign exchange and 80% of its budgetary revenues come from (18)____, yet this country is one of the world's poorest.

The west African country of Nigeria was a British colony. While the country has many ethnic groups, in the southeast, one find the (19)___. These people fought for independence from 1967 to 1970; had they been successful, they would have named their new country (20)____. In the north are the Muslim people known as the (21)____.

As the Apartheid laws were being dismantled, a new law was passed. The goal of the new law was to
encourage small businesses by deregulating the market for loans small than $1000. Today, South Africa's
fastest growing industry is a direct result of this legislation. Explain what has happened. (22)____

Eruptions of violence became ever more common in South Africa beginning in the early 1960s. A state of emergency was called in the mid-1980s. The political party often associated with the Xhosa, the (23)____, and the party of the Zulu, the Inkatha, engaged in a brutal conflict.

In 1948, the Afrikaners came to power in South Africa, under the banner of the Nationalist party. A new racist system of "separate development of the races" was implemented. It was called (24)____. Blacks were forced to live in designated areas called (25)____. If blacks were needed as labor for the whites, they could live (often temporarily) outside the cities in urban areas called (26)____; the most famous of these is Soweto (which is just outside Johannesburg).

In the Frontline video on South Africa's leader (27)____, the question was whether or not he would lead his
people "to the promised land." As he assumed the presidency, there were powerful forces working both in his favor and against him.

In 1898, the United States got involved in Cuba's fight for independence from the Spanish. At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, Cuba became a US protectorate. During this 35 year period, anti-American sentiment began to grow. In 1934, a man supported by the US whose name was Batista came to power in Cuba. In 1953, a revolutionary named (28)____ tried unsuccessfully to overthrow him. After a stint in prison and another aborted overthrow attempt, this revolutionary rose to power in Cuba (in 1959). Initially, the US looked with favor upon the revolutionary's rise to power. In fact, he was romanticized among university radicals throughout the country. This revolutionary wanted to shake up the status quo. The relationship between Cuba and the US deteriorated rapidly and especially so when Cuba turned to the country of (29)____ for help.

Today, the economies of the Caribbean islands have expanded. Additional crops are being produced and assembly plants known as (30)____ are in operation.

In the video entitled "Mirrors of the Heart" we heard from Carlos, a citizen of the country of (31)____. He
acknowledged that there is a complete denial of blackness in his country. On the west side of the island, the
people of (32)____ celebrate their black ancestry. This video illustrates the colonization of the mind as well as the body.

A/an (33)_____ is defined as a country with institutionalized corruption; politicians and government bureaucrats drain off a huge percentage of the state's wealth. Under Mobutu, Zaire was an infamous example.

Figure 6.39 in our textbook on Sub-Saharan Trade is yet another reflection of Sub-Saharan Africa's colonial
past. Explain the connection: (34)____

The Dutch were the original colonizers of South Africa; they instituted a slave-based agricultural economy. In 1806, the British seized the Cape from the Dutch. The Dutch (Boers, Afrikaners) soon decided to move on to new lands. At they moved northeast, they met a new enemy, the fierce (35)____. Ironically, the British had to fight these people on the Afrikaners' behalf. While the British initially approved of the Afrikaner republic, it was eventually absorbed into Republic of South Africa.

(36)____ was the first significant state to emerge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the country of Sudan encompasses the territory of this ancient state. A fairly recent PBS program on Africa showed the effort of African people to trace their lineage back to these people.

While the text warns us that this designation tells us more about what it is not than about what it is; nevertheless, one can say that much of Sub-Saharan African has a/an (37)____ religious tradition. These religious traditions are based upon the worship of nature's spirits and human ancestors.

The cultures of many peoples in Sub-Saharan Africa are closely tied to cattle raising. For example, the lives of the  (38)____, who live in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, are intimately linked to their cattle, whose blood and milk they drink.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the layering of language reflects the colonial past. Indigenous languages, "trade" languages, and Indo-European (and Afro-Asiatic) languages are spoken. Tellingly, the official language of many countries are associated with what? (39)____

In much of Africa, farm yields are fairly low. In the African tropics, a "slash and burn" type of subsistence agriculture called (40)____ (which involves burning vegetation on a small patch, planting for a few seasons, and
then moving on to a new patch) is common. This type of agriculture is okay if the population densities are low.

Most of Sub-Saharan Africa's population is rural and poor. They depend upon the land, so environmental problems are acutely felt. For example, deforestation aggravates problems, such as soil erosion. Improper cultivation and over-grazing in semi-arid zones appear to be associated with (41)____, the expansion of desert-like conditions due to human-induced land degradation.

Many people have migrated from the Caribbean in search of better job opportunities. Oftentimes, these migrations are (42)_____, meaning that the migrant intends to return home after working hard and saving some money. In other cases, after a migrant becomes established, he/she will bring others to the new place. Immigrant enclaves, such as Puerto Rican neighborhoods in New York city, are a result of this process, which is known as (43)____.

A number of (44)____, communities of runaway slaves were found through the Caribbean and Latin America. For example, one in Brazil had as many as 20,000 people at one time. This community was mostly Bantu-speaking, had an African political structure and a king. After slavery ended, most of the people in these communities assimilated into the larger society.

Europe's influence in the Caribbean declined (but did not cease) as the result of the (45)____, a mid-1800s document in which the US declared that it would not tolerate European military involvement in the western
hemisphere.

Along with the European colonizers came brutality, enslavement, warfare, and disease, which basically killed off the native (46)____ and (47)____ (name the two native peoples identified in the textbook) of the Caribbean within 50 years.

Today, the Caribbean's most significant population (demographic) trend is (48)____.

The trees in mangroves are salt-tolerant and are found on coasts. Around the world, mangroves are being destroyed to create beaches. One environmental impact of mangrove removal is: (49)____

The small islands of the Lesser Antilles are known for their volcanoes. For example, beginning in 1995
and continuing for many months, the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted on the British island of (50)____.

Geography 160, Exam #2B

Key: 1.Nigeria (Z)    2.Togo (B)    3.Congo (T)    4.Sudan (E)    5.Ethiopia (P)    6.Kenya (J)    7.Nigeria (Z)    8.Yoruba    9.Lagos    10.Madagascar (F)    11.universalizing    12.Liberia or Sierra Leone    13.Maquiladoras    14.International Monetary Fund (IMF)    15.latifundia    16.Para    17.Rondonia    18.Belgium    19.Tutsi    20.Hutu    21.genocide    22.Ogoni    23.Nairobi    24.Truth and Reconciliation Commission    25 and 26. Zulu and Xhosa    27.Afrikaners    28.black domination    29.Bay of Pigs    30.Cuban Missile Crisis    31.Greater Antilles    32.sugar    33.Ibo    34.Eritrea    35.American Indian reservations    36.Muslim    37.Khoisan    38.Bantu    39.with one horn or tusk, a person often makes more than in several years' wages    40.physiological = people/unit arable land; agricultural = farmers/unit arable land    41.food production    42.Structural Adjustment (SAP)    43.Jamaica is experiencing a "brain drain" - the country bears the costs of educating an elite and then they leave the country; the loss in dollars to Jamaica is greater than the gain in foreign aid dollars    44.indentured laborers    45.mixed up ethnic groups on purpose    46.socialist housing    47.Santo Domingo    48.continual importation of African slaves    49.Mitch    50.Carib Indians

Fill-in-the-blank and Map Quiz. Using the correct spelling, please complete the sentence or respond to the question by listing the correct place [this is (a)]. Then, on the base map provided, find the letter that corresponds with the place’s location. Write down that letter in the second blank [this is (b)]. One (1) point per blank. Please note that the same place may appear twice.

The Sub-Saharan African country with the largest population is (1)(a)____ (b)____. The country that has the highest total fertility rate and ties for the highest annual rate of natural increase is (2)(a)____ (b)____. Not surprisingly, almost half of this country's population is less than 15 years old.

Today, 2/3 of the world’s HIV/AIDS cases are in Africa. The virus is thought to have originated in the forests
of what country? (3)(a)____ (b)____

This textbook provides yet another illustration of how quickly things change. This book carries a copyright
date of 2000 and states that there has been little overt religious animosity in Nigeria. After spring, 2000, the
bloody conflict between Muslim and Christian make that no longer a true statement. Another country in Africa
that is experiencing a violent clash between Muslims and Christians is (4)(a)____ (b)____.  The Muslims hold the power and reports periodically emerge of peoples in the south being taken as slaves.

In 1884, 13 countries gathered at the Berlin Conference to carve up Africa (the attendees didn't ask the Africans if that was okay). After the lines were drawn, the imperial armies with their superior armaments marched in. To their surprise, some Africans put up a good fight. But, in the end, all countries except (5)(a)____  (b)____ were colonized (the Italians did, by using poison gas and other extreme measures, take this place as a colony for a period during the 1930s).

During the 1980s, the Sub-Saharan country of (6)(a)____ (b)____ had the highest rate of population increase of any
country in the world.

The west African country of (7)(a)____  (b)____ was a British colony. While the country has many ethnic groups, the three major groups are the (8)____ of the southwest; it is in the southwest that one finds (9)____, the country's largest city (13.5 million people).

Agriculture in the country of (10)(a)____  (b)____ is a unique combination of African influences (as seen in shifting
cultivation practices) and Southeast Asian influences (as seen in rice growing).

Fill-in-the-blank. Please complete the sentence with the most appropriate word, phrase, or brief sentence. Use correct spelling. Two (2) points per blank.

(11) ____ religions attempt to appeal to all people, regardless of where they live or what their culture is. Usually, these religions have missionary programs that actively seek converts. One of these religions is Buddhism.

Two countries were created in Africa for the return of freed slaves. One was created by the US and the other by the British. What is the name of one of these countries? (12)____

Along the border between the US and Mexico lie many assembly plants, most of which assemble components imported from the US. The finished products are often exported back to the US. These now famous assembly plants are known as (13)____.

In 1944, the US and its allies were concerned about rebuilding Europe and reducing poverty in many parts of the world. So, at a meeting at Bretton Wood, three entities were created for managing the post-war economy. These entities included the (14)____ (the financial institution for the globe).

Dating back to colonial times, the elites of the Americas were granted large tracts of land. These large estates are called (15)____.

Many landless Brazilians, hoping for a new opportunity, are moving into the Amazon, the world’s largest tropical rainforest. While there are seven states in this basin, many people are moving either to the state of (16)____ to work in various industries or to the state of (17)____ where agriculture is dominant.

In the small country of Rwanda, the (18)____ colonizers created a hierarchy wherein the (19)____ were deemed
to be superior; it was to them that land, education, and political power were given. The majority, the (20)___, were
considered to be inferior and treated as such. When Rwanda became an independent country in 1962, the
tables were reversed, with an apartheid-like system now directed in the other direction. After a civil war
between the two factions from 1990 to 1992, a coalition government was formed. This turn of events fueled the
hatred of extremists who, in 1994, seized their opportunity to try to eliminate a whole ethnic group. When one
ethnic group seeks to kill another ethnic group, it is called (21)____. In this case, 800,000 human beings were
killed, many by being hacked to death with machetes, over a period of 100 days. The UN Security Council
made many errors, in terms of living up to its long-term pledges, as this carnage was occurring.

In the Niger Delta, one finds 500,000 (22)____; these people are mostly poor and have been exploited by their government and by Shell Oil. Natural gas is flared off rather than being used to provide electricity for the people, the croplands and wetlands have been devastated, and villages have been razed by police seeking to suppress dissent.

The capital of Kenya is (23)____, a city founded by the British as a railroad camp in 1899. In 1998, the US embassy in this city was bombed.

From 1994-1999, Nelson Mandela was President of South Africa. From 1999 to the present, Mbeki is the President. Accomplishments of the period include the (24)____; this effort from 1996 to 1998 was aimed at healing the wounds of the country by having those who committed human rights violations tell what they did, why, and apologize. Those who confessed honestly and openly were granted amnesty.

In South Africa, one finds even today a land torn by economic dispartiy, with whites controlling much of the wealth. Of the population of 40 million, only 13% are white while 76% are black. While several ethnic groups are
officially recognized, the two largest black ethnic groups are the (25)____ and the (26)_____. They are both Bantu.

Beginning in the mid-1600s, Dutch settled Cape Town. These settlers came to be known as the (27)____. To the east, black Africans known as Bantu moved into what is today part of South Africa. Both groups of settlers drove out the indigenous peoples, who are called the Khoisan.

Nelson Mandela has, for years, been the "moral authority" of South Africa. During most of his adult life, he has sought, not to destroy his enemies, but to change them. He has always been adamant that white domination should not be replaced with what? (28)____

In 1961, the US financed and armed Cuba exiles for a disastrous invasion that has come to be known as the
(29)____. The US came the closest it ever has to nuclear war when, in 1962, American photo reconnaissance
confirmed launching sites for Soviet rockets were being built in Cuba. The American nuclear striking force was
readied for war. The "show down' between John F. Kennedy and N. Krushchev in 1963 is called the (30)____;
Krushchev backed off and Kennedy removed missiles from Turkey. This was the first step in dealing with
problems of nuclear weapons through diplomacy.

The islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola are sometimes collectively referred to as (31)____. During the colonial period, the economies of these and the smaller islands were based upon slaves and (32)____ (the item produced).

In the 1960s, secessionist movements aimed at independence for Shaba in Zaire (now Congo) and (33)____ in eastern Nigeria failed. One secessionist movement succeeded, however, the 1993 separation of the country of (34)____ from Ethiopia.

The homelands of South Africa's apartheid period have been likened to (35)____ in the United States. In both situations, the lands were/are rural, overcrowded, and marginal.

The ____ is the semi-desert region at the southern fringe of the Sahara Desert, and the countries that fall within this region, which extends from Senegal to Sudan. The religion that prevails through most of this area is (36)____.

While they probably lived throughout southeastern Africa several 1,000 years ago, today speakers of (37)____ have been relegated to the arid Kalahari. These people were displaced in large part by the (38)____, speakers of Niger-Congo languages, who migrated from west Africa east and south.

Even in the most famous wildlife reserves of Kenya and Tanzania, maintenance of the reserves and its creatures is difficult. Poaching, particularly of elephants and rhinos, is a major problem. Why? (39)___

What is the difference between physiological density and agricultural density? (40)____

In a number of ways, Sub-Saharan Africa is suffering. Representing 10% of the world's population, their economic output is 1% of the total. A particularly troubling reality is that per capita (41)____ has been below the region's 1961 level for the last 25 years.

Many argue that foreign assistance after the colonial period, which improved economic output but led to large debt and corruption, actually resulted in underdevelopment rather than development of Sub-Saharan Africa. One of those controversial tools, used by the World and the International Monetary Fund, were (42)____  programs. These programs triggered drastic cutbacks in government services to the people.

In the early 1980s, Jamaica's Prime Minister stated that the Jamaican subsidy to the US, Canada, and Britain more than offset the foreign aid flowing from those countries to Jamaica. Explain what he meant: (43)____

Many of the Asians living in the Caribbean today are descendants of (44)____, workers who came to the Americas to work on estates for a set amount of time.

The religions and languages of the African slaves were not transferred across the Atlantic intact. Why not? (45)____

In Havana, Cuba, one does not see squatter settlements. One does see pretty boring-looking, identical apartments. Housing here is different from elsewhere in the Caribbean. Why is it different? (46)_____

The oldest continually occupied European city in the Americas is (47)____, (in the country of Dominican Republic). It was settled in 1496.

In the Caribbean, during the days of slave-based sugar production, how were population levels maintained? (48)____

In 1998, Hurricane (49)____ pounded Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, killing over 8,000 people.

The name "Caribbean" refers to (50)____.
 
 
 

Geography 160, Exam #1A

key: 1.H    2.A    3.C    4.D    5.democracy    6.capitalism    7.Truman    8.capitalism    9.East Asia    10.syncretism    11.universalizing    12.Christianity, Buddhism, Islam    13.Indo-European    14.French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Romanian    15.centrifugal    16.United Nations (UN)    17.supranational    18.colonialism    19.imperialism    20.core    21.periphery    22.India    23. Liberia or Sierra Leone    24.increase in colonial activity    25.decline in colonial activity    26.Teotihuacan    27.mestizo    28.NAFTA    29.Zapatistas    30.Chiapas    31.Fox    32.Guatemala    33.Arbenz    34.slum    35.Mexico    36.telenovela    37.maquiladoras    38.tropical savanna (winter dry)    39.tropical rainforest (wet)    40.FARC    41.land, inequity in wealth    42.Peru    43.Chile    44.Pinochet    45.5th    46.Amazon    47.Para    48.Rondonia    49.Yanomami    50.Generally, land reform is called for in a country where a small percentage of the populace controls much (or all) of the land. In this case, reform would involve redistributing the land, with significant portions going to the landless peasants.

Matching: Find the BEST match between the issue and the city/country/countries, as illustrated in the video
“Globalization: Winners and Losers”. Be able to locate the places on a global base map. Two (2) points each.

1.______ Australia                a.Shell Oil; 6th largest oil producer being destroyed by  Shell’s poor
2.______ Nigeria                         environmental management
3.______Hong Kong             b. under pressure to reform
4.______ South Africa          c. “illegal” pro-Union broadcast; Radio Free Asia
                                                 d. 5000 goldminers out of jobs as result of British selling gold reserves
                                                 e. site of WTO protests in November, 1999
                                                  f. showed beauty pageant; dual worlds of Internet, computers,
                                                       high tech along side dire poverty
                                                g. 4 tons of genetically modified soybeans dumped in front
                                                        of Tony Blair’s home by Greenpeace activists
                                                h. trawlers fishing illegally in their waters
                                                i. former European colonies, produce bananas for former
                                                       colonial masters, USA objected
                                                j. seeing some of the results of NAFTA; 53 cent per hour
                                                    wages, 100 companies relocated factories from USA to this place

Fill-in-the-blank: Complete the sentence or answer the question with the most appropriate word, phrase, or short sentence. Spell the words correctly. Two (2) points per blank.

It is often argued that the western world, led by the USA, is interested in exerting its power to effect the
acceptance of certain ideologies. For one, the belief in equality of political rights possessed by all people in
the society (e.g., voting) is advocated; this ideological belief is called (5)____. A belief in private ownership of
production and trade combined with an unrestricted marketplace, known as (6)____, is also advocated.

Usage of the concepts of development, underdevelopment, and developing became common after the
inaugural speech of (7)____ in 1949. As a result, two billion basically "became" underdeveloped. The struggle
since has been to pull out of that condition of underdevelopment and join the ranks of the developed. Over the years since, the development pendulum has swung back and forth. In the 1990s, two development strategies competed.

The authors of the text feel that the most important challenges facing the world are associated with globalization. At the most fundamental level, globalization is driven by (8)___ .

Of the world's regions, (9)____ (please note, the question says "region" not "country") has the largest
population.

Cultural (10)____ is the blending of forces to form a third, new synergistic form of culture.

(11)____ religions attempt to appeal to all people, regardless of where they live or what their culture is.
Usually, these religions have missionary programs that actively seek converts. One of these religions is
(12)____.

(13)____ is the language family with the most speakers. The romance languages, of which (14)___ is an
example,  are in this language family.

Within countries, there are forces that unite the people and reinforce the state; these are centripetal forces. On the other hand, (15)____ forces tend to weaken or divide the country. For example, ethnic tension and separatism within a country can be one of these dividing forces.

Countries frequently form international organizations for military, trade, political, and/or environmental
cooperation. An important international organization, (16)____, has become a major peacekeeping force of late.

In contrast to the international organizations are (17)____ organizations, wherein the cooperation between the
countries necessitates a partial loss of state sovereignty by individual members. The European Union (EU)
is a good example.

(18)____ is defined as the relationship in which a group of people located in one country is subject to the
authority of the people of another country. In contrast, (19)____ refers to the act of acquiring or holding these
dependencies.

The multistate economic system of the modern world was created by European societies in the late
15th and early 16th centuries. As this world system expanded, it became differentiated into rich countries
and poor countries. Often, these rich countries are referred to as the (20)____ (basically, where the economic
"action" is), while the poor countries are referred to as the (21)___ (they provide the raw materials and
sometimes buy the products, but they are not at the center of activity).

At one time, the United Kingdom controlled vast areas of the earth's surface. In fact, it was said that
"the sun never sets of the British Empire". The "jewel" (the richest holding) of the British was the country of
(22)____, a country that gained its independence in 1947.

Two countries were created in Africa for the return of freed slaves. One was created by the US and the
other by the British. What is the name of one of these countries? (23)____

In explaining why there have been two major waves of European colonial activities, one argument is
that periods of instability in the core are associated with (24)____, while stability in the core (e.g., when the
United Kingdom was the world superpower) is associated with (25)____.

The city of (26)____, northeast of today's Mexico City, was the first true urban center in the western
hemisphere; it flourished from the 4th to the 7th century, had great pyramids, and was home to over 125,000.

Sixty percent of the Mexico's 102 million people are (27)____ (Spanish and Amerindian ethnic origin).

On January 1, 1994, the Canada-US-Mexico trade agreement called (28)____ went into effect. On that day, a rebellion led by the (29)____ from the state of (30)____, Mexico erupted. At issues were land and livelihood, which they believe are jeopardized by neoliberalism (free trade). There is a bit of renewed hope that this situation will be resolved. This hope revolves around the election of a new president, (31)____, who was inaugurated on December 1, 2000. He is the first non-PRI president in 71 years.

The country of (32)____, lying just to the south of Mexico, was part of Mexico until 1838. In recent years, it
has suffered from much turmoil. A democratically-elected president, (33)____, was driven from office in 1954
because of his "left" leanings. He had hoped to redistribute land from the United Fruit Company to landless
peasants.

If you were getting ready to visit a Latin American urban settlement and your guide told you that it was a
"favela," what would that tell you about the settlement? (34)____

Perhaps 30% of the illegal immigrants living in the US are from Mexico. In terms of legal immigration,
the country from which the most immigrants come to the US is (35)____

Able to pull millions of people into their homes and off the streets, (36)____ are big business in Mexico.
The textbook suggests that they are perhaps Mexico's largest international export.

Along the border between the US and Mexico lie many assembly plants, most of which assemble components imported from the US. The finished products are often exported back to the US. These now famous assembly plants are known as (37)____.

The Koppen-Geiger climate classification system helps us understand quite a bit about temperature,
rainfall, and even the kind of vegetation that a particular place would likely support. For example, if you went
to South America, you could go to southern Brazil and find the same climate there as here (except the
seasons would be reversed). However, if you traveled north, you would first encounter an Aw climate and
then an Af. What does the Aw tell you? (38)____ What does the Af tell you? (39)____

In Colombia, a civil war with roots in the 1940s continues. The war is being fought between the
government-supported paramilitary, the government's regular military, the narcotraffickers' militias, and
guerrilla groups. The largest of the guerrilla groups is the (40)____, a group which was given control over a
sizeable chunk of territory a couple of years ago (note: this group has just notified the Colombian government
that they will come to the negotiating table). And why is this war being fought? Well, today drugs are certainly
a factor; however, what is the core reason for the conflict? (41)____

It is often said that democracy in South America is fragile and superficial. Two examples of this fragility
can be found along the west coast of South America. Recently, Fujimori, the president of (42)____, fled the
country because of a widening scandal in which he was implicated. Next door, in the country of (43)____,
Allende was democratically elected president in 1970 but was overthrown in 1973 in the bloody coup d'etat.
Today, the dictator who masterminded the operation and ruled ruthlessly for years, has been placed under
house arrest for the murders of those who died in the weeks after the coup. This ex-dictator is (44)____.

In terms of population and of area, Brazil is the (45)____ largest country in the world.

Many landless Brazilians, hoping for a new opportunity, are moving into the (46)____, the world's largest
tropical rainforest. While there are seven states in this basin, many people are moving either to the state of
(47)____ to work in various industries or to the state of (48)____ where agriculture is dominant.

As landless Brazilians move into the tropical rainforest, ecosystems and indigenous peoples suffer. For example, a Stone Age people known as the (49)____  has experienced loss of culture, disease, and contamination of their environment. Today, only 21,000 remain.

Throughout our discussions of Latin America, the need for "land reform" has become increasingly
clear. What does "land reform" mean? (50)____

Bonus: Write a paragraph in response to the following question. What needs to happen in Latin America and how can the changes be implemented? Please write your response on the back of the answer sheet. Three (3) points for a well-written, thoughtful response.

Geography 160, Exam #1B

key: 1.G    2.D    3.B    4.H    5.World Bank    6.International Monetary Fund (IMF)    7.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)    8.greater inequity    9.spatial    10.Russia    11.English    12.Hinduism    13.Kurds    14 and 15.Spain and Portugal    16 and 17.English/British and French    18.found that quinine is useful in warding off malaria    19.Scramble for Africa    20.colonialism    21.imperialism    22.Mayan    23.theocracy    24.Tenochtitlan    25.chinampas    26.Zapata    27.ejidos    28.Lacandon    29.maquiladoras    30.health impacts on the peasants resulting from the increasing use of synthetic pesticides (there are other acceptable answers)    31.latifundia    32.potato   33.sugarcane    34.Antarctic    35.Colombia    36.Nicaragua    37.tropical rainforest (wet)    38.true, hot desert (tropical and subtropical desert) 39.Spanish    40.Portuguese    41.Ecuador    42.Basilia    43.Landless Workers Movement    44.Amazon    45.Para    46.Rondonia    47.Generally, land reform is called for in a country where a small percentage of the populace controls much (or all) of the land. In this case, reform would involve redistributing the land, with significant portions going to the landless peasants.    48.Peru    49.Chile    50.Pinochet

Matching: Find the BEST match between the issue and the city/country/countries, as illustrated in the video
“Globalization: Winners and Losers”. Be able to locate the places on a global base map. Two (2) points each.

1.______ Caribbean Islands               a.Shell Oil; 6th largest oil producer being destroyed by
2.______ Bangalore, India                            Shell’s poor environmental management
3.______ China                                     b. world’s fastest growing economy; Amway distributors
4.______  Juarez, Mexico                            netted $178 million in 1997 (“okay” since Deng praised
                                                                         self-enrichment)
                                                                 c. 5000 goldminers out of jobs as result of British selling
                                                                        gold reserves
                                                                d. place where one finds high-tech computer company
                                                                       with its own power infrastructure
                                                                e. trawlers fishing illegally in their waters
                                                                f. criticized for using IMF (International Monetary Fund) to
                                                                       exert power
                                                                g. former European colonies, produce bananas for former
                                                                       colonial masters, USA objected
                                                                h. seeing some of the results of NAFTA; 53 cent per hour
                                                                        wages, 100 companies relocated factories from USA to
                                                                        this place

Fill-in-the-blank: Complete the sentence or answer the question with the most appropriate word, phrase, or short sentence. Spell the words correctly. Two (2) points per blank.

In 1944, the US and its allies were concerned about rebuilding Europe and poverty in many parts of the
world. So, at a meeting at Bretton Woods, three entities were created for managing the post-war economy.
These entities were the (5)____ (initially established to encourage investment in Europe and now primarily
used as a funding mechanism for development projects in poor countries), the (6)____ (the financial institution
for the globe), and (7)____ (the agreement that covered trade).

While advocates of economic globalization maintain that the benefits will eventually trickle down to
enrich even the poorest peoples in all regions of the world, critics argue that, in fact, the result of economic
globalization is: (8)____ (there are several correct answers).

At its most fundamental level, geography is a/an (9)____ science.

Of the world's regions, (10)____ (please note, the question says "region" not "country")  has the lowest rate of natural increase.

The most important language in international business is (11)____.

An ethnic religion is closely identified with a specific ethnic (or maybe tribal) group. One example, (12)____,  is closely linked to India and is polytheistic .

Not all nations of people have a state. For example, the (13)____ have traditionally occupied a large cultural territory in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran but they don't have a country (a political state).

In modern history, the Europeans have been involved in two waves of colonialism. The primary colonial
powers in the first wave (which began in the 1400s) were (14)____ and (15)____. The second wave was led by the
European countries of (16)____ and (17)____.

Prior to the mid-1800s, the Europeans had very definitely impacted Africa. They had depopulated
western Africa, shipping millions of Africans to the Americas as slaves. They tried to colonize parts of Africa,
but with the exception of South Africa, were unsuccessful. In about 1850, something happened that allowed
Europeans to starting having a higher survival rate (and, thus, more of an incentive to colonize) in interior
Africa. What occurred? (18)____

In 1884, a conference was held in Berlin to basically divide up the African continent. What ensued has
come to be known as (19)____. Almost all of Africa was colonized by the early years of the 1900s.

(20)____ is defined as the relationship in which a group of people located in one country is subject to the
authority of the people of another country. In contrast, (21)____ refers to the act of acquiring or holding these
dependencies.

The Amerindians of Middle America included the (22)____, a people whose culture dates back 3000
years. They lived (and their descendants still live) in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and southern Mexico.
Their government was a/an (23)____, which means that their political leaders were also religious leaders.

In 1325, the Aztecs built the city of (24)____ in the Valley of Mexico. It was here that one finds the (25)____;
this agricultural innovation involved building mounds of land across the shallow lakes. In the place of the
Aztecs' city, today one finds the megacity, a city 8000 feet above sea level and surrounded by mountains.

In 1900, 95% of Mexico’s population was landless. The time was ripe for a revolution. The revolution came in
1910, led by (26)____. A new constitution, in 1917, mandated that communal lands be provided for the villagers
of Mexico. These communal lands were called (27)____.

In the video about the Zapatistas, we learned about the (28)____ (give the name, not a generic for the forest type) forest, the biologically richest forest in Mexico.

Along the border with Mexico, one finds factories to which component parts of shipped. The factories,
often owned by US corporations, assemble the components and ship the finished good back out of Mexico
(often to the US). These factories are called (29)____. In the early 1990s, prior to implementation of NAFTA,
there were 1800 of these assembly plants. Today there are 4,000 plants along the US-Mexican border.

Most of the people of Guatemala are still poor and landless. Since 1950, industrial agriculturalists have
been encouraged to grow cotton, coffee, sugar, and cattle. Small and large-holders are now being
encouraged to produce broccoli, strawberries, and other crops for the US and European markets. What is
one downside of this production? (30)____

Dating back to colonial times, the elites were granted large tracts of land. These large estates are called
(31)____.

The (32)____ (food crop), which was brought to Europe from Latin America, is credited for driving Europe's rapid population increase in the 18th century. Farmers from Ireland to Poland became increasingly dependent on this one basic food. On the other hand, (33)____ was introduced into Latin America and became the dominant cash crop of the Caribbean and the tropical lowlands along the Atlantic coast.

While a number of territorial disputes are unresolved  in Latin America, a particularly interesting one
involves Argentina, Chile, Norway, the United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, and Australia's territorial claim to
(34)____ .

The US has just provided this country with a great deal of money with which to fight drugs. This is a very
complex issue, with the FARC controlling large portions of (35)____ (name the country) through the use of
patronage, extortion, kidnapping, and violence. Drugs have ravaged this country, where murder and kidnapping rates are soaring.

While the idea of marianismo lingers, for the first time in 1990,  a women was elected president. The
citizens of the country of (36)___ elected Violeta Chamorro.

The Koppen-Geiger climate classification system helps us understand quite a bit about temperature,
rainfall, and even the kind of vegetation that a particular place would likely support. For example, if you went
to South America, you could go to southern Brazil and find the same climate there as here (except the
seasons would be reversed). However, if you traveled north, you would first encounter an Aw climate and
then an Af. What does the Af tell you? (37)____ If you traveled to the west coast of South America, perhaps to take a side trip to the Galapagos Islands, you would likely encounter the BWh climate. What does the BWh tell you? (38)____

In South America, just as in Middle America, the legacy of colonialism is apparent. For example, the languages spoken by most of the people are (39)____ (spoken by 2/3 of the people) and (40)____ (spoken by 1/3 of the people).

We recently heard about an oil spill in the Galapagos Islands. These islands belong to the country of (41)____, a country plagued by drug trafficking, deforestation, land tenure problems, and oil well mismanagement.

Brazil has 26 states and the federal district of the capital. The capital, upon which construction began in 1956, is (42)____.

In Brazil, almost half of the land is owned by the richest 1% of the people. Lack of access to land and
livelihood pushes some to the city, where conditions for the poor are deplorable. Others participate in a
movement called the (43)____; landless peasants camp on idle lands, in hopes of establishing their right to the
land. At least 250,000 families in Brazil today have title to land because of this movement.

Many landless Brazilians, hoping for a new opportunity, are moving into the (44)____, the world's largest
tropical rainforest. While there are seven states in this basin, many people are moving either to the state of
(45)____ to work in various industries or to the state of (46)____ where agriculture is dominant.

Throughout our discussions of Latin America, the need for "land reform" has become increasingly
clear. What does "land reform" mean? (47)____

It is often said that democracy in South America is fragile and superficial. Two examples of this fragility
can be found along the west coast of South America. Recently, Fujimori, the president of (48)____, fled the
country because of a widening scandal in which he was implicated. Next door, in the country of (49)____,
Allende was democratically elected president in 1970 but was overthrown in 1973 in the bloody coup d'etat.
Today, the dictator who masterminded the operation and ruled ruthlessly for years, has been placed under
house arrest for the murders of those who died in the weeks after the coup. This ex-dictator is (50)____.

Bonus: Write a paragraph in response to the following question. What needs to happen in Latin America and how can the changes be implemented? Please write your response on the back of the answer sheet. Three (3) points for a well-written, thoughtful response.